2009年12月26日 星期六

E-Government Act of 2002, Section 208 [2009-12-27].PNG

E-Government Act of 2002, Section 208 [2009-12-27].PNG

Figure saved by WeiJin Tang (湯偉) on [2009-12-27]
 
 

2009年12月9日 星期三

A real invention has to create its own applications. [2009-12-09]

A real invention has to create its own applications.


The principal applications of any sufficiently new and innovative technology always have been – and will continue to be – applications created by that technology.

By  Herbert Kroemer

Mentioned by  Dr. Simon M. Sze  in his seminar at CERN:
Evolution of nonvolatile semiconductor memory
from floating gate to nanocrystal – by Simon M. Sze (National Chiao Tung University) [2005]



A real invention has to create its own applications.
by Dr. Simon M. Sze (
施敏 博士)
A real invention has to create its own applications. ; by Dr. Simon M. Sze (施敏 博士)[2005].jpg

2009年11月28日 星期六

DHTML code for closing current window in Web Browser [2008-11-29]

 

 

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=windows-1252'>

<title>Thank You</title></head>

<body bgcolor='#FFFFFF'>

<div align='center'>

<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=11>

      <tr valign='middle'>

             <td height=59 align='center'><font color='#000000' face='verdana' size='1'>

             <b> Thank you. Your information has been submitted. To ensure the delivery of your newsletter(s). Please check your e-mail for our confirmation message.

<br>

<a href='javascript: window.close();'>Close Window</a>

</b></font></td><tr>

      <td colspan='1'>

      </td>

      </tr>

      </table>

</div>

</body>

</html>

 

Keywords for searching this article:

DHTML code for closing current window in Web Browser, close, Internet Explorer

 

Homework: Try to find out a way to download the text shown on this web page?

 
Homework: Try to find out a way to download the text shown on this web page?
 
 

2009年11月25日 星期三

On Glutathione ii. A Thermostable Oxidation-Reduction System. [1922](IR92)


On Glutathione ii. A Thermostable Oxidation-Reduction System.

Sir Frederick Hopkins, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

By F. Gowland Hopkins and M. Dixon.
(From the Biochemical Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
England.)
(Received for publication, September 12, 1922.)

A tissue washed until it no longer "respires" will, when suitably treated and supplied with glutathione, again take up oxygen and yield carbon dioxide.

Such part of its reducing power and respiratory activity as is regained by a washed tissue on the restoration of glutathione remains almost unaffected when the tissue is heated to
100°C. or even thoroughly extracted with boiling water.



On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (1_of_3).png
On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (2_of_3).png
On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (3_of_3).png
Sir Frederick Hopkins (1861~1947), The Nobel Prize in physiology or Medicine 1929; discoverer of glutathione (GSH)(IR90).jpg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, University of Cambridge; Christiaan Eijkman, Utrecht University, Netherlands.jpg


Glutathione, depletion, cancer.jpg

Glutathione, depletion, cancer.jpg
 

Glutathione, depletion at HighWire.jpg

Glutathione, depletion at HighWire.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant

www.Google.com

// - - Begin memo item - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - //

(Memo Item created on November 25, 2009 06:15 PM)

- - - Begin title or keyword:

TitleOrKeywordIsNotProvidedYet

- - - End title or keyword:

 

www.Google.com

Wiki, antioxidant

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - End memo item - - //

2009年11月5日 星期四

Fall 2009 Mid Exam of Network Planning [2009-11-08]


Fall 2009 Mid Exam of Network Planning [2009-11-08]

中華民國
98 11 08


' Begin: Fall 2009 Mid Exam of Network Planning [2009-11-08]

1.
請略述 [交換式集線器 (Switching Hub)] [集線器 (Hub)] 的主要差異為何?就安全上而言,何者較好些?

2.
為什麼我們說 [乙太網路 (Ethernet)] 是屬於一種 [廣播網路 (broadcasting network)] ?請略述它如何傳送訊號。

3. [
封包交換 (packet switching)] [線路交換 (circuit switching)] 有何不同?請略述它們如何運作。

4.
在網路相關的書中,常會看到類似「...要傳送的 [封包 (packet)] ...」和「... [訊框 (frame)] 傳送到...」的文字;到底 [封包 (packet)] [訊框 (frame)] 是一樣的東西嗎?還是有什麼差別?請稍微解釋一下。

5.
請略述 [路由器 (router)] 主要的功能為何?

6.
在今天,當人們把許多電腦不斷地連上 [網際網路 (Internet)] 時,僅管帶來了許多方便,卻也對電腦的安全造成了重大的威脅。請略述會造成此一現象的根本原因為何?

7.
請略述是那些主要的技術,使得我們可以只用一台電腦,以及一條高速的網路連線,就可以同時和100個人,透過 [網際網路 (Internet)] 來進行語音通話?

8.
請略述TCPUDP通訊協定有何不同,以及它們是分別被設計來做哪些方面的應用?

9.
從科技的角度來看,為什麼一般而言,使用光纖進行通訊遠比使用無線通訊來得安全?

10. What is Cloud Computing (
雲端運算)?

' End: Fall 2009 Mid Exam of Network Planning [2009-11-08]


2009年10月20日 星期二

A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21]; 請協助去教導您的孩子,不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 上 做不適當的事情或行為。


A photo worthy of serious concern (
一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21](IR91)

A photo worthy of serious concern (
一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21]; 請協助去教導您的孩子,不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 做不適當的事情或行為。


Please help to teach your kids, do not do inappropriate things or behaviors on internet.
請協助去教導您的孩子,不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 做不適當的事情或行為。

Please do not redistribute this photo and please immediately delete it after you've read this email.  Thank!
請不要散佈這張照片,並請您在閱讀完這封電子郵件之後,立即刪除這封郵件。 謝謝!


A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21](IR91); 請協助去教導您的孩子,不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 上 做不適當的事情或行為。

A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21](IR91)


Please help to teach your kids, do not do inappropriate things or behaviors on internet.
請協助去教導您的孩子,不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 做不適當的事情或行為。


Please do not redistribute this photo and please immediately delete it after you've read this email.  Thank!
請不要散佈這張照片,並請您在閱讀完這封電子郵件之後,立即刪除這封郵件。 謝謝!

2009年9月26日 星期六

[Teacher Tang WeiJin (湯偉晉老師) at 中華民國臺灣省 (Taiwan)] Private blog used by Teache...

Private blog used by Teacher Tang WeiJin (湯偉晉老師) at 中華民國臺灣省 (Taiwan) [2009-09-27].PNG
 

2009年9月19日 星期六

把 剪貼簿(剪貼板)(Clipboard) 的內容 當作 純文字 (pure text) 貼到 插入點 (insertion point) 的位置; Paste Clipboard content as pure text

' -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -
' -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -
Public Sub PasteClipboardContentAsPureText_2009_0920_()
' (本段程式之目的) Purpose:
'     Paste Clipboard content as pure text
'
'     把 剪貼簿(剪貼板)(Clipboard) 的內容 當作 純文字 (pure text) 貼到 插入點 (insertion point) 的位置
'
' (本段程式是否已經在被使用中) In use: Yes
' (程式撰寫的進度) Developing: 100% (Mandatory)
' (程式堪用的程度) Workable: 80% (Threshold at 80%)
' (程式的測試程度) Code tested: 0% (max 99%)
' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
' (修改程式的日期) Revision Date: (2009 09 20 PM 02 47 51)
' (修改程式的人員) Revised by: WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉)
'     ok
' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


'    Selection.PasteAndFormat (wdPasteDefault)

    Selection.PasteAndFormat wdFormatPlainText
   
    Selection.TypeParagraph

End Sub ' PasteClipboardContentAsPureText_2009_0920_
' -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -
' -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -

企業資訊通訊與網路概論 2007

[2009-09-20-PM-02-11-47]
 
企業資訊通訊與網路概論

東華書局 邵喻美 譯
 

Teacher WeiJin Tang (TWJT) at Windows Live SkyDrive [2009-09-20]

[2009-09-20-PM-01-22-10]

Teacher WeiJin Tang (TWJT) at Windows Live SkyDrive [2009-09-20]

 
Teacher WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉老師) at Windows Live SkyDrive
Teacher WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉老師) at 中華民國臺灣省 (Taiwan)

2009年8月7日 星期五

許慶芳主任的葬禮 (funeral ceremony announcement)[2009-07-09]

[2009-07-09]
許慶芳主任的葬禮 (funeral ceremony announcement)[2009-07-09].jpg

2009年6月29日 星期一

Protein Misfolding; Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90)

Protein Misfolding; Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90)
 

Mitochondria and Free Radicals

 

Any given cell has hundreds of mitochondria. This illustration shows two—a healthy mitochondrion and an oxidatively stressed and damaged one. The arrows indicate the movement of free radicals, which can spread easily from damaged mitochondria to other parts of the cell.

 

http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1460469B-C224-4259-9004-A6FAABB5F71D/10861/03_mitochondria_lg.jpg

 

Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90) - with source URL.jpg

 

 

Protein Misfolding

http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/Unraveling/Part3/causes.htm#ProteinMisfolding

 

Researchers have found that a number of devastating neurodegenerative diseases (for example, AD, Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Huntington’s disease, and prion diseases) share a key characteristic—protein misfolding.

 

When a protein is formed, it “folds” into a unique three-dimensional shape that helps it perform its specific function. This crucial process can go wrong for various reasons, and more commonly does go wrong in aging cells. As a result, the protein folds into an abnormal shape—it is misfolded. In AD, the misfolded proteins are beta-amyloid (the cleaved product of APP; see "From APP to Beta-Amyloid Plaques" for more on the formation of beta-amyloid) and a cleaved product of tau.

 

Normally, cells repair or degrade misfolded proteins, but if many of them are formed as part of age-related changes, the body’s repair and clearance process can be overwhelmed. Misfolded proteins can begin to stick together with other misfolded proteins to form insoluble aggregates. As a result, these aggregates can build up, leading to disruption of cellular communication, and metabolism, and even to cell death. These effects may predispose a person to AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.

 

Scientists do not know exactly why or how these processes occur, but research into the unique characteristics and actions of various misfolded proteins is helping investigators learn more about the similarities and differences across age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This knowledge may someday lead to therapies.

 

...

...

 

The Aging Process

Another set of insights about the cause of AD comes from the most basic of all risk factors—aging itself. Age-related changes, such as inflammation, may make AD damage in the brain worse. Because cells and compounds that are known to be involved in inflammation are found in AD plaques, some researchers think that components of the inflammatory process may play a role in AD.

 

Mitochondria and Free Radicals

Any given cell has hundreds of mitochondria. This illustration shows two—a healthy mitochondrion and an oxidatively stressed and damaged one. The arrows indicate the movement of free radicals, which can spread easily from damaged mitochondria to other parts of the cell.

 

Other players in the aging process that may be important in AD are free radicals, which are oxygen or nitrogen molecules that combine easily with other molecules (scientists call them “highly reactive”). Free radicals are generated in mitochondria, which are structures found in all cells, including neurons.

 

Mitochondria are the cell’s power plant, providing the energy a cell needs to maintain its structure, divide, and carry out its functions. Energy for the cell is produced in an efficient metabolic process. In this process, free radicals are produced. Free radicals can help cells in certain ways, such as fighting infection. However, because they are very active and combine easily with other molecules, free radicals also can damage the neuron’s cell membrane or its DNA. The production of free radicals can set off a chain reaction, releasing even more free radicals that can further damage neurons (see illustration "Mitochondria and Free Radicals"). This kind of damage is called oxidative damage. The brain’s unique characteristics, including its high rate of metabolism and its long-lived cells, may make it especially vulnerable to oxidative damage over the lifespan. The discovery that beta-amyloid generates free radicals in some AD plaques is a potentially significant finding in the quest for better understanding of AD as well as for other neurodegenerative disorders and unhealthy brain aging.

 

 

2009年6月17日 星期三

持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素 [2009-06-18]


持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素。
Continuing research is the enabling key factor to a nation or a company's long-term success.

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 西元 2009-06-18

2009-06-18

File Index: 0001
Original file name (
原始的檔案名稱
):
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (
美國國家健康研究院
) [2009-06-18].PNG
GUID file name:
FN_56CB704F89EA46A4AEDC81E03647E234.PNG

File Index: 0002
Original file name (
原始的檔案名稱
):
TextOnImage_
持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素。
_[2009-06-18].gif
GUID file name:
FN_B96ED2323D7C488689471F4EAB636EB9.gif


Keywords:
持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素


Number of attached files: 
2

2009年5月25日 星期一

致癌空窗期 [2009-05-21](IR90)

致癌空窗期 [2009-05-21](IR90)

2009-05-21
短文的標題:
致癌空窗期

思緒或靈感的來源:
「報紙在 2009-05-21 以頭版的方式報導,[蕭萬長副總統] 因為得了肺腺癌,所以在 [台北_榮總] 動手術,切除肺臟左下方之部位。 沒有吸煙、沒有抽香菸,也沒有喝酒,又經常運動,也十分重視養生,為什麼會得癌症?

短文的內容:
[致癌空窗期]

[GSH/GSSG
的比值] 暫時性地失去平衡,因為缺乏 [L-Cystetne (半胱胺酸)] 這種,在製造 [穀胱甘 (Glutathione)] 的過程中,最具關鍵性的胺基酸,所以細胞來不及製造出 GSH (還原型的 穀胱甘 (Glutathione)),也因此細胞在情急之下只好把 GSSG 排出細胞之外,也就無法再把 GSSG 回收並且轉換成 GSH

DNA 的直徑 大約是 2 nm ( 2 奈米 )
穀胱甘 (Glutathione) 的大小 大約是 2.6 nm ( 2.6 奈米 )
[L-Cystetne (半胱胺酸)] 的大小 大約是 1.2 nm ( 1.2 奈米 )

平常被保護在 [細胞核] 內之[染色體] 中的 [DNA],必須在多次遭受到 [多重性的攻擊 (multiple hits)] 之後,才有可能從 [正常穩定的狀態] 而被 [自由基] 竄改成為 (而突變成) [會致癌的狀態] [DNA] [正常穩定的狀態] 因為突變,而被更改成為是 [會致癌的狀態]這段敘述,就幾乎等同於是說,你得了癌症了!

結論:
人不可以過勞,不管你是多麼地年輕。 一旦細胞內部的 redox defense system 失去了平衡,甚至於被瓦解了,而使得細胞,相對於 過量之自由基的攻擊,呈現出 [致癌空窗期] 的狀態,這樣就會使 細胞和 DNA 處於十分危險的狀態。 這也就是為什麼,長期重複性短暫過勞 (例如 長期工作壓力過大的人),或者是短期過勞 (例如 長程馬拉松 的選手) 的人容易發生突發性的健康風險

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手原創性地寫作於 西元 2009-05-21

湯偉晉 先生
WeiJin Tang
電子郵件
WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com
行動電話
0958-227-243
中華民國_台北市_天母_臥龍崗

喜樂的心是一帖良藥」
聖經中的箴言

助人為快樂之本」
青年守則

我的恩典夠你用」
聖經中的箴言

神賜給我們的乃是剛強、仁愛、謹守的心。」
聖經中的箴言

真正的愛可以遮掩一切的過錯
湯偉晉 曾經在 基督教 的書籍中看到過,而記下來的一句話。

[多層次及多方位的思維模式] [湯偉晉先生] 所使用的思維模式


教育從來就不是中立的 [2009-05-10](IR90)


教育從來就不是中立的
[2009-05-10](IR90)

教育從來就不是中立的;它不是讓人得以自由,就是讓人在不知不覺之中成為奴隸,卻不自知。


湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 寫於 西元 2009-05-10

Inspired by a western educator, (I'm not sure what exactly his name is)



2009-05-26

File Index: 0001
Original file name (原始的檔案名稱):
TextOnImage_教育從來就不是中立的_[2009-05-10](IR90)_[2009-05-26].gif
GUID file name:
FN_CC939798FE154D4D85A473C35EE92F4E.gif


Keywords:
TextOnImage_教育從來就不是中立的_[2009-05-10](IR90)_[2009-05-26].gif

Number of attached files: 
1

 

2009年5月19日 星期二

WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) at 台北市立圖書館_天母分館 [2009-05-18]; Try to learn something new everyday is an important habit.

May 20, 2009; 12:47:02 m.m. Taipei Time

Try to learn something new everyday is an important habit.

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 2009-05-20
WeiJin Tang (
湯偉晉) at 台北市立圖書館_天母分館 [2009-05-18]

2009年5月18日 星期一

偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民 [2009-05-19]

 

May 17, 2009; 11:07:49 a.m. Taipei Time

 

偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民

 

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 2009-05-17

 

2009-05-19
File Index: 0001
Original file name (原始的檔案名稱):
TextOnImage_偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民_[2009-05-19].gif
GUID file name:
FN_FA00F7F35B4C4A4CA38A47C363A6C648.gif

Keywords:
偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民
Number of attached files: 
1
 

The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach (生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入) [2009-05-06]


The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach  (
生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入) [2009-05-06]

The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach
生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入


Title of the presentation WeiJin Tang (
湯偉晉) presented to the 5070退休樂活論壇 at Taipei on May 6, 2009

2009年5月16日 星期六

Email template: Thanks for answering questions in the class! [2009-05-17]

Email template: Thanks for answering questions in the class! [2009-05-17]

 

 

May 17, 2009; 10:17:45 a.m. Taipei Time

 

Dear NameOfStudent:

 

Thanks for answering questions in the class!

 

Have a nice day!

 

Best regards,

 

WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉)

Instructor of the programming class, spring 2009

 

She can quickly answer the question I gave in the class.

 

Keywords:

Email template: Thanks for answering questions in the class! Student,

 

2009年5月9日 星期六

Do_DownloadFileFromInternet_2009_05_10_AM_10_50_19

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '  [2009_05_10_AM_11_05_56]  ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
    Private Sub Do_DownloadFileFromInternet_2009_05_10_AM_10_50_19()
        ' (本段程式之目的) Purpose:
        '     Demo how to download an internet file
        '                "中華民國國旗歌 (Performed by 復興中學合唱團).mp3"
        '     Using My.Computer.Network.DownloadFile()
        '
        ' (本段程式是否已經在被使用中) In use: Yes
        ' (程式撰寫的進度) Developing: 100% (Mandatory)
        ' (程式堪用的程度) Workable: 80% (Threshold at 80%)
        ' (程式的測試程度) Code tested: 0% (max 99%)
        ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
        ' (修改程式的日期) Revision Date: (2009 05 10 AM 10 45 11)
        ' (修改程式的人員) Revised by: WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉)
        '
        '     Version 1.00.02; Last Updated on [2009-05-10-AM-11-03-12]
        '
        ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

        Dim URL As String
        URL = "http://tools.wj.googlepages.com/Anthem_of_the_Flag_of_Republic_of_Ch.mp3"

        Dim FP As String
        FP = "D:\WeiJin Tang\"

        Dim FNOfDestinationFile As String
        FNOfDestinationFile = "中華民國國旗歌 (Performed by 復興中學合唱團).mp3"

        Dim FPFNOfDestinationFile As String
        ' FPFNOfDestinationFile = FP & FNOfDestinationFile
        FPFNOfDestinationFile = IO.Path.Combine(FP, FNOfDestinationFile)

        Try
            My.Computer.Network.DownloadFile(URL, FPFNOfDestinationFile)

            Me.RichTextBox1.Text = "Finish downloading file at " & vbCr & URL

        Catch ex As Exception
            Me.RichTextBox1.Text = "Downloading of file " & vbCr & URL & vbCr & "Failed for the following reason:" & vbCr & ex.Message
        End Try

    End Sub ' Do_DownloadFileFromInternet_2009_05_10_AM_10_50_19
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '  [2009_05_10_AM_11_05_56]  ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '